Keepalived高可用软件简介
目前互联网主流的实现WEB网站及数据库服务高可用软件包括:keepalived、heartbeat等。Heartbeat是比较早期的实现高可用软件,而keepalived是目前轻量级的管理方便、易用的高可用软件解决方案,得到互联网公司IT人的青睐。
Keepalived是一个类似于工作在layer3, 4 & 7交换机制的软件,Keepalived软件有两种功能,分别是监控检查、VRRP冗余协议。
Keepalived的作用是检测web服务器的状态,如果有一台web服务器、Mysql服务器宕机,或工作出现故障,Keepalived将检测到后,会将有故障的web服务器或者Mysql服务器从系统中剔除,当服务器工作正常后Keepalived自动将web、Mysql服务器加入到服务器群中,这些工作全部自动完成,不需要人工干涉,需要人工做的只是修复故障的WEB和Mysql服务器。Layer3,4&7工作在IP/TCP协议栈的IP层、传输层及应用层,实现原理分别如下:
Layer3:Keepalived使用Layer3的方式工作式时,Keepalived会定期向服务器群中的服务器发送一个ICMP的数据包(,如果发现某台服务的IP地址无法ping通,Keepalived便报告这台服务器失效,并将它从服务器集群中剔除。Layer3的方式是以服务器的IP地址是否有效作为服务器工作正常与否的标准。
Layer4: Layer4主要以TCP端口的状态来决定服务器工作正常与否。如WEB server的服务端口一般是80,如果Keepalived检测到80端口没有启动,则Keepalived将把这台服务器从服务器群中剔除。
Layer7:Layer7工作在应用层,Keepalived将根据用户的设定检查服务器程序的运行是否正常,如果与用户的设定不相符,则Keepalived将把服务器从服务器群中剔除。
Keepalived VRRP原理剖析
虚拟路由冗余协议(Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol,简称VRRP)
Keepalived是VRRP的完美实现,在学习keepalived之前,必须了解VRRP协议的原理。在现实的网络环境中,两台需要通信的主机大多数情况下并没有直接的物理连接。对于这样的情况,它们之间路由怎样选择?主机如何选定到达目的主机的下一跳路由,这个问题通常的解决方法有二种:
在主机上使用动态路由协议RIP、OSPF;
在主机上配置静态路由;
在主机上配置路态路由是非常不切实际的,因为管理、维护成本以及是否支持等诸多问题。配置静态路由就变得十分流行,但路由器(或者说默认网关default gateway)却经常成为单点,VRRP的目的就是为了解决静态路由单点故障问题。VRRP通过一竞选(election)协议来动态的将路由任务交给LAN中虚拟路由器中的某台VRRP路由器。
在VRRP虚拟路由器集群中,由多台物理的路由器组成,但是这多台的物理路由器并不能同时工作,而是由一台称为MASTER路由器负责路由工作,其它的都是BACKUP,MASTER并非一成不变,VRRP会让每个VRRP路由器参与竞选,最终获胜的就是MASTER。
MASTER拥有一些特权,例如拥有虚拟路由器的IP地址或者成为VIP,拥有特权的MASTER要负责转发发送给网关地址的包和响应ARP请求。
VRRP通过竞选协议来实现虚拟路由器的功能,所有的协议报文都是通过IP多播(multicast)包(多播地址 224.0.0.18)形式发送的。虚拟路由器由VRID(范围0-255)和一组IP地址组成,对外表现为一个周知的MAC地址。所以在一组虚拟路由器集群中,不管谁是MASTER,对外都是相同的MAC和VIP。客户端主机并不需要因为MASTER的改变而修改自己的路由配置。
作为MASTER的VRRP路由器会一直发送VRRP广播包(VRRP Advertisement message),BACKUP不会抢占MASTER,除非它的优先级(Priority)更高。当MASTER不可用时(BACKUP收不到广播包时), 多台BACKUP中优先级最高的这台会抢占为MASTER。这种抢占是非常快速的,以保证服务的连续性。由于安全性考虑VRRP包使用了加密协议进行。
而keepalived可以基于VRRP技术,将两台物理主机当成路由器,两台物理机主机组成一个虚拟路由集群,Master高的主机产生VIP,该VIP负责转发用户发起的IP包或者负责处理用户的请求,Nginx+Keepalived组合,用户的请求直接访问keepalived VIP地址,然后访问Master相应服务和端口;
Nginx+Keepalived安装配置
环境准备:
系统版本:CentOS 6.9(最小化安装)
Keepalived版本:keepalived-1.2.15
Nginx版本:nginx-1.13.4
keepalived(主):192.168.60.93
keepalived(备):192.168.60.94
Apache:192.168.60.91
Apache1:192.168.60.92
VIP:192.168.60.88
1、Apache安装,执行以下命令
[root@bogon ~]# yum -y install httpd httpd-devel
1)写入测试文件,执行以下命令
[root@bogon ~]# echo "this is 192.168.60.91 server" >/var/www/html/index.html
2)启动httpd服务
[root@bogon ~]# service httpd start
3)curl命令测试
[root@bogon ~]# curl localhost
2、Apache1安装
[root@bogon ~]# yum -y install httpd httpd-devel
1)写入测试文件,执行以下命令
[root@bogon ~]# echo "this is 192.168.60.92 server" >/var/www/html/index.html
2)启动httpd服务
[root@bogon ~]# service httpd start
3)curl命令测试
[root@bogon ~]# curl localhost
3、Nginx+keepalived安装(主)
#安装Nginx软件
1)安装Nginx所需要的依赖包
[root@bogon ~]# yum -y install pcre pcre-devel openssl openssl-devel gcc gcc-c++ wget
2)下载Nginx源码包
[root@bogon ~]# wget -c https://mirrors.yangxingzhen.com/nginx/nginx-1.13.4.tar.gz
3)解压
[root@bogon ~]# tar zxf nginx-1.13.4.tar.gz
[root@bogon ~]# cd nginx-1.13.4
4)隐藏Nginx版本号
[root@bogon ~]# sed -i 's/1.13.4/ /;s/nginx///nginx/' src/core/nginx.h
5)创建www用户,执行预编译
[root@bogon ~]# useradd -s /sbin/nologin www
[root@bogon ~]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=www --group=www --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module
6)编译Nginx
[root@bogon ~]# make &&make install
7)创建软连接
[root@bogon ~]# ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/sbin/nginx
# 安装keepalived软件
1)安装keepalived所需要的依赖包
[root@bogon ~]# yum -y install openssl openssl-devel popt-devel kernel-devel gcc gcc-c++ libnl libnl-devel libnfnetlink-devel popt wget
2)下载keepalived软件包
[root@bogon ~]# wget -c https://mirrors.yangxingzhen.com/keepalived/keepalived-1.2.15.tar.gz
3)解压
[root@bogon ~]# tar zxf keepalived-1.2.15.tar.gz
[root@bogon ~]# cd keepalived-1.2.15
4)预编译keepalived
[root@bogon ~]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/keepalived --with-kernel-dir=/usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-696.16.1.el6.x86_64
5)编译、安装keepalived
[root@bogon ~]# make && make install
6)创建软连接,拷贝相应的文件
[root@bogon ~]# ln -s /usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived /usr/sbin
[root@bogon ~]# cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/sysconfig/keepalived /etc/sysconfig
[root@bogon ~]# cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/rc.d/init.d/keepalived /etc/init.d
[root@bogon ~]# chkconfig --add keepalived
[root@bogon ~]# chkconfig keepalived on
[root@bogon ~]# mkdir /etc/keepalived
[root@bogon ~]# cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/
4、Nginx+keepalived安装(备)
#安装Nginx软件
1)安装Nginx所需要的依赖包
[root@bogon ~]# yum -y install pcre pcre-devel openssl openssl-devel gcc gcc-c++ wget
2)下载Nginx源码包
[root@bogon ~]# wget -c https://mirrors.yangxingzhen.com/nginx/nginx-1.13.4.tar.gz)
3)解压
[root@bogon ~]# tar zxf nginx-1.13.4.tar.gz
[root@bogon ~]# cd nginx-1.13.4
4)隐藏Nginx版本号
[root@bogon ~]# sed -i 's/1.13.4/ /;s/nginx///nginx/' src/core/nginx.h
5)创建www用户,执行预编译
[root@bogon ~]# useradd -s /sbin/nologin www
[root@bogon ~]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --user=www --group=www --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module
6)编译Nginx
[root@bogon ~]# make &&make install
7)创建软连接
[root@bogon ~]# ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/sbin/nginx
#安装keepalived软件
1)安装keepalived所需要的依赖包
[root@bogon ~]# yum -y install openssl openssl-devel popt-devel kernel-devel gcc gcc-c++ libnl libnl-devel libnfnetlink-devel popt wget
2)下载keepalived软件包
[root@bogon ~]# wget -c https://mirrors.yangxingzhen.com/keepalived/keepalived-1.2.15.tar.gz
3)解压
[root@bogon ~]# tar zxf keepalived-1.2.15.tar.gz
[root@bogon ~]# cd keepalived-1.2.15
4)预编译keepalived
[root@bogon ~]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/keepalived --with-kernel-dir=/usr/src/kernels/2.6.32-696.16.1.el6.x86_64
5)编译、安装keepalived
[root@bogon ~]# make && make install
6)创建软连接,拷贝相应的文件
[root@bogon ~]# ln -s /usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived /usr/sbin
[root@bogon ~]# cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/sysconfig/keepalived /etc/sysconfig
[root@bogon ~]# cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/rc.d/init.d/keepalived /etc/init.d
[root@bogon ~]# chkconfig --add keepalived
[root@bogon ~]# chkconfig keepalived on
[root@bogon ~]# mkdir /etc/keepalived
[root@bogon ~]# cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/
5、Nginx负载均衡配置(主)
编辑/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件
[root@bogon ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
#配置内容如下
worker_processes auto;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
upstream test_web {
server 192.168.60.91:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=15s;
server 192.168.60.92:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=15s;
}
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
sendfile on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_next_upstream http_502 http_504 error timeout invalid_header;
proxy_pass http://test_web;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
}
}
}
6、Nginx负载均衡配置(备)
编辑/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf配置文件
[root@bogon ~]# vim /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
#配置内容如下
worker_processes auto;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
upstream test_web {
server 192.168.60.91:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=15s;
server 192.168.60.92:80 weight=1 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=15s;
}
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
sendfile on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
proxy_next_upstream http_502 http_504 error timeout invalid_header;
proxy_pass http://test_web;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
}
}
}
7、编辑keepalived(主)配置文件
编辑vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
[root@bogon ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
#配置内容如下
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
notification_email {
675583110@qq.com
}
notification_email_from 675583110@qq.com
smtp_server 127.0.0.1
smtp_connect_timeout 30
router_id LVS_DEVEL
}
vrrp_script chk_nginx {
script "/data/shell/check_nginx.sh"
interval 2
weight 2
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state MASTER
interface eth0
virtual_router_id 51
mcast_src_ip 192.168.60.93
priority 100
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass xiaoqi
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.60.88
}
track_script {
chk_nginx
}
}
8、编辑keepalived(备)配置文件
编辑vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
[root@bogon ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
#配置内容如下
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
notification_email {
675583110@qq.com
}
notification_email_from 675583110@qq.com
smtp_server 127.0.0.1
smtp_connect_timeout 30
router_id LVS_DEVEL
}
vrrp_script chk_nginx {
script "/data/shell/check_nginx.sh"
interval 2
weight 2
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 {
state BACKUP
interface eth0
virtual_router_id 51
mcast_src_ip 192.168.60.94
priority 99
advert_int 1
authentication {
auth_type PASS
auth_pass xiaoqi
}
virtual_ipaddress {
192.168.60.88
}
track_script {
chk_nginx
}
}
9、启动nginx和keepalived服务(主)
[root@bogon ~]# nginx -t
[root@bogon ~]# nginx
[root@bogon ~]# service keepalived start
[root@bogon ~]# ps -ef | egrep 'keep|nginx'
10、启动nginx和keepalived服务(备)
[root@bogon ~]# nginx -t
[root@bogon ~]# nginx
[root@bogon ~]# service keepalived start
[root@bogon ~]# ps -ef | egrep 'keep|nginx'
11、编写nginx检测存活脚本(主),脚本内容如下:
[root@bogon ~]# mkdir -p /data/shell
[root@bogon ~]# vim /data/shell/check_nginx.sh
#!/bin/bash
#2017-12-27 14:27:56
#Author by YangXingZhen
#Automatic detection of Nginx process state
Time=$(date +%Y%m%d:%H:%M)
Code=$(ps -ef | grep -v grep | grep -c "nginx: master process")
if [ ${Code} -eq 0 ];then
/etc/init.d/keepalived stop
echo "${Time} Keepalived is stop Success..." >> /tmp/nginx_keepalived.log
fi
#保存退出~~
[root@bogon ~]# chmod o+x /data/shell/check_nginx.sh
12、编写nginx检测存活脚本(备),脚本内容如下:
[root@bogon ~]# mkdir -p /data/shell
[root@bogon ~]# vim /data/shell/check_nginx.sh
#!/bin/bash
#2017-12-27 14:27:56
#Author by YangXingZhen
#Automatic detection of Nginx process state
Time=$(date +%Y%m%d:%H:%M)
Code=$(ps -ef | grep -v grep | grep -c "nginx: master process")
if [ ${Code} -eq 0 ];then
/etc/init.d/keepalived stop
echo "${Time} Keepalived is stop Success..." >> /tmp/nginx_keepalived.log
fi
保存退出。
实验结果:当nginx(主)机器宕机后,VIP自动漂移到keepalived(备)机器上,如下图
正常在keepalived(主)运行:
当Nginx宕机后,自动漂移过来,如下图
[root@localhost ~]# pkill nginx
13、编写检测nginx和keepalived状态的脚本(因为nginx宕机之后,keepalived和nginx不会自动起来),并加到定时任务(主和备机器都需要执行一遍)
手动编辑vim /data/shell/auto_nginx_status.sh文件,脚本内容如下:
[root@bogon shell]# vim /data/shell/auto_nginx_status.sh
#!/bin/bash
#2017-12-27 14:27:56
#Automatic detection of Mycat and keepalived process states
Code=$(ps -ef | grep -v grep | grep -c "nginx: master process")
CODE=$(ps -ef | grep -v grep | grep -c "keepalived")
if [ ${Code} -ne 0 -a ${CODE} -eq 0 ];then
/etc/init.d/keepalived start
elif [ ${Code} -eq 0 -a ${CODE} -eq 0 ];then
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
/etc/init.d/keepalived start
fi
保存退出。
14、添加到定时任务,执行以下命令:
[root@bogon shell]# echo "*/1 * * * * root sh /data/shell/auto_nginx_status.sh" >> /etc/crontab
[root@bogon shell]# cat /etc/crontab
[root@bogon shell]# service crond restart